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Our wide range of geophysical investigation techniques can solve most of the common questions that instigate some form of bedrock mapping. They will give a non-destructive and cost-efficient way of gaining a better understanding of the ground conditions providing better data coverage than is normally achieved with traditional discrete point-by-point geotechnical investigations such as drilling or digging. The most common bedrock applications and a range of possible geophysical techniques for their investigation are listed.
| Method | Bedrock Level / Detection | Bedrock Topography | Fracture and Fault Zones | Cavities | Ores / Mineral Deposits | Fractures in tunnel / tunnel walls | Lithology or Bedrock type / change | Mechanical parameters / Shear wave velocity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resistivity | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Borehole Resistivity | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Induced Polarization (IP) | ● | ● | ||||||
| Refraction seismics | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Reflection seismics | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Seismic borehole tomography | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
| Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) | ● | ● | ||||||
| Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Borehole GPR | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
| Time-domain electromagnetics (TEM) | ● | ● | ● |
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive and rapid geophysical method that operates by transmitting electromagnetic waves from an antenna and reflects off layers and objects hidden in the ground. A typical ground penetrating radar system consists of one or more antenna elements a control unit an external Tablet/PC or a monitor for storage and display of data. Ground penetrating radar offers an efficient way of investigating both the ground and constructions with user-friendly one-man operated equipment. Depending on the application you have a large selection of different MALÅ GPR solutions to choose from which will solve your investigation needs both in terms of antenna frequency and number of data channels.
Seismic methods record the movement of vibrations through the ground with their speed and path telling us something about the structure strength and/or stability of the subsurface. All seismic systems require three components: a source (either user-generated or naturally occurring vibrations) sensors and cabling to detect the seismic waves as they move through the subsurface (geophones on land hydrophones in water) and an instrument (seismograph) to record that motion for later analysis.
Electrical resistivity methods send an electrical current into the ground and then map the resistance against that flow of current. The resistance can be converted to resistivity a property used to predict the composition structure and/or strength of the underlying materials. For example different geological materials present different resistivities the presence of water or mineral ores will typically lower the resistivity of a material and pollutants will also impact the recorded values. Typically stronger and harder deposits will have a higher resistivity associated with them compared to rock with structural weaknesses. Induced polarization (IP) methods measures the chargeability of the ground which as electrical resistivity will differ with the current ground conditions.
TEM (Transient Electromagnetic) is a geophysical technique used to obtain vertical resistivity soundings and a method which responds most strongly to conductive materials. The method is non-destructive and uses a series of wire loops for transmitting and receiving signals in the ground so no marks will be left in the survey area after measurements are finished.
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